AEiE0902 Equalization and diversity techniques
Core purpose
- Equalization combats channel distortion, especially ISI.
- Diversity combats fading by providing independently faded replicas of the signal.
- Equalization and diversity are complementary, not identical.
Equalization basics
- Equalization attempts to undo the channel effect at the receiver.
- A simple equalizer approximates the inverse channel response over the signal band.
- It is especially relevant when delay spread makes symbols smear into adjacent symbols.
| Equalizer type |
Use case |
Cue |
| Linear equalizer |
Moderate ISI |
Simpler but can amplify noise |
| Decision-feedback equalizer |
Severe postcursor ISI |
Uses previous decisions |
| Adaptive equalizer |
Time-varying channel |
Coefficients update automatically |
A decision-feedback equalizer uses previously detected symbols to cancel postcursor ISI caused by a dispersive or frequency-selective channel. It is not a generic remedy for flat or deep fading; diversity is the direct fading countermeasure.
Adaptive equalization
- Adaptive equalizers adjust coefficients in real time.
- A training sequence or decision-directed mode is commonly used.
- LMS and RLS are common adaptive algorithms in broader communication study.
- Adaptive equalization is important in mobile or changing channels.
Diversity principle
- Diversity improves reliability by combining independently faded versions of the same information.
- Independence or low correlation between branches is the key benefit.
- Diversity does not require exact inversion of the channel like equalization does.
Diversity types in syllabus
| Diversity type |
Distinguishing idea |
Typical cue |
| Space diversity |
Multiple separated antennas |
Antenna spacing |
| Polarization diversity |
Different wave polarizations |
Vertical versus horizontal or dual-pol |
| Frequency diversity |
Same information on separated frequencies |
Frequencies fade differently |
| Time diversity |
Repeat or code across time |
Interleaving or retransmission |
Equalization versus diversity
| Question |
Equalization |
Diversity |
| Main problem attacked |
ISI and channel distortion |
Deep fades |
| Core mechanism |
Channel compensation |
Multiple independently faded paths |
| Best cue |
Filter coefficients |
Multiple branches, copies, or carriers |
Combining ideas
- Equalization is common in dispersive channels.
- Diversity is common in fading channels.
- Real systems often use both equalization and diversity, plus coding.
Recognition cues for equalization and diversity
- "Adaptive filter at receiver" suggests adaptive equalizer.
- "Several antennas at receiver" suggests space diversity.
- "Transmit same data on multiple frequencies" suggests frequency diversity.
- "Delayed repeated copies with coding/interleaving" suggests time diversity.
Common traps in equalization and diversity
- Diversity is not the same as power increase.
- Polarization diversity uses differently polarized branches, not merely more gain.
- Equalization may improve BER but its immediate target is channel distortion.
- Frequency diversity requires frequency separation beyond highly correlated fading.
One-step examples for equalization and diversity
- If a mobile channel changes with movement, adaptive equalization is more appropriate than a fixed equalizer.
- Two antennas spaced so they do not fade together illustrate space diversity.
- Repetition across time slots is time diversity, not frequency diversity.
Equalization-and-diversity revision box
Equalization repairs channel distortion; diversity supplies alternate versions of the signal. Adaptive equalizers track changing channels. Space, polarization, frequency, and time diversity are different ways to decorrelate fades.